The Quran is considered to be the ultimate authority in all matters pertaining to religion. It furnishes the basic tenets of the faith, the principles of ethical behavior, and guidance for social, political, and economic activities. It is used in the five obligatory daily prayers and for special prayers during Ramadan, when it is recited in its entirety. It is a basic vehicle of education, since most Muslim children learn the Arabic alphabet in order to be able to read the Quran. The Quran is used to invoke God's blessing, and verses from it are often recited at the death of a loved one, at the beginning of public political and social meetings, at conferences, and sometimes at government or official functions. The Quran is the focus of rhythmic chanting and the art of calligraphy—the most highly developed artistic skills in Islamic culture.
Modern Quranic exegesis emphasizes the use of classical analytical tools such as ijtihad to reform both religious practice and society as a whole and to achieve social and intellectual development. Modern exegetes use the Quran to interpret and explain itself, rather than relying on external sources. Although the Quran is considered authentic only in Arabic, scholars in the twentieth century have produced translations of the Quran into local and regional vernaculars in order to make the text available to non-Arabic-speaking audiences. These translations also provide commentary, so as to clarify the meaning of the text. Important contemporary translations of the Quran include those by the Indian modernist Abdullah Yusuf Ali in English, the Pakistani reformer Sayyid Abu al-Ala Mawdudi in Urdu, and the Indonesian scholar, poet, and independence activist Hamka in Bahasa Indonesia.
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