The second pillar consists of 5 daily canonical prayers

Prayer

The second pillar consists of 5 daily canonical prayers. These prayers could also be offered individually if one is unable to travel to the mosque. the primary prayer is performed before sunrise, the second just after noon, the third within the late afternoon, the fourth immediately after sunset, and therefore the fifth before retiring to bed.

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Before a prayer, ablutions are performed, including the washing of hands, face, and feet. The muezzin (one who gives the decision for prayer) chants aloud from a raised place (such as a tower) within the mosque. When prayer starts, the imam, or leader (of the prayer), stands within the front facing within the direction of Mecca, and therefore the congregation stands behind him in rows, following him in various postures. Each prayer consists of two to four genuflection units (rakʿah); each unit consists of a standing posture (during which verses from the Qurʾān are recited—in certain prayers aloud, in others silently), also as a genuflection and two prostrations. At every change in posture, “God is great” is recited. Tradition has fixed the materials to be recited in each posture.

Special congregational prayers are offered on Friday rather than the prayer just after noon. The Friday service consists of a sermon (khuṭbah), which partly consists of preaching within the local language and partly of recitation of certain formulas in Arabic. within the sermon, the preacher usually recites one or several verses of the Qurʾān and builds his address thereon , which may have an ethical , social, or political content. Friday sermons usually have considerable impact on popular opinion regarding both moral and sociopolitical questions.

Although not ordained as an obligatory duty, nocturnal prayers (called tahajjud) are encouraged, particularly during the latter half the night. During the month of Ramadan, lengthy prayers called tarāwīḥ are offered congregationally before retiring.

In strict doctrine, the five daily prayers can't be waived even for the sick, who may pray in bed and, if necessary, lying down. When on a journey, the 2 afternoon prayers could also be followed one by the other; the sunset and late evening prayers could also be combined also . In practice, however, much laxity has occurred, particularly among the modernized classes, although Friday prayers are still alright attended.

The zakāt

The third pillar is that the obligatory tax called zakāt (“purification,” indicating that such a payment makes the remainder of one’s wealth religiously and legally pure). this is often the sole permanent tax levied by the Qurʾān and is payable annually on food grains, cattle, and cash after one year’s possession. the quantity varies for various categories. Thus, on grains and fruits it's 10 percent if land is watered by rain, 5 percent if land is watered artificially. On cash and precious metals it's 21/2 percent. Zakāt is collectable by the state and is to be used primarily for the poor, but the Qurʾān mentions other purposes: ransoming Muslim war captives, redeeming chronic debts, paying tax collectors’ fees, jihad (and by extension, consistent with Qurʾān commentators, education and health), and creating facilities for travelers.

After the breakup of Muslim religio-political power, payment of zakāt became a matter of voluntary charity hooked in to individual conscience. within the modern Muslim world it's been left up to the individual, except in some countries (such as Saudi Arabia) where the Sharīʿah (Islamic law) is strictly maintained.

Fasting

Fasting during the month of Ramadan (ninth month of the Muslim lunar calendar), laid down within the Qurʾān (2:183–185), is that the fourth pillar of the religion . Fasting begins at daybreak and ends at sunset, and through the day eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden. The Qurʾān (2:185) states that it had been within the month of Ramadan that the Qurʾān was revealed. Another verse of the Qurʾān (97:1) states that it had been revealed “on the Night of Power,” which Muslims generally observe on one among the last 10 nights of Ramadan (usually the 27th night). For an individual who is sick or on a journey, fasting could also be postponed until “another equal number of days.” The elderly and therefore the incurably sick are exempted through the daily feeding of 1 have-not if they need the means.

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